Evaluation of calcium oxalate stones size using kidney, ureters and bladder, fluoroscopy and post lithotripsy procedures

This study aimed to measure renal stone using different modality [kidney, ureters and bladder [K.U.B], fluoroscopy and intravenous urography [I.VU]], to compare these three methods of measurements and to detect the variation of stones size after each lithotripsy shock for the same type of stones. A total of 26 patients males [19] and females [7] their age ranged between 18 and 70 years with renal stones, I.VU, K.U.B were done for all cases. In Al Nelain Medical Centre, The size of renal stone was measured in K.U.B and I.VU by using the Ruler exposure. Staghorn stones which were >4 cm needed >4 times of exposure to. Results: The findings were found to be that stone < 1 cm can be measured but does not disintegrated by lithotripsy and most of the stones that were > 1 cm were properly measured when using the fluoroscopy and were treated effectively after 2[nd] time of the shock waves. This study concluded that the surface area, site, number of stones after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy [ESWL] could be detected using K.U.B, I.VU and fluoroscopy, and could help in prospective selection of patients who will respond well to ESWL

Optimization of exposure factor for chest X-ray

Radiography of the chest remains one of the most commonly performed examinations, but still there is a considerable number of repeated examination due to poor quality, this arises from many factors; the exposure factors selection are the crucial one. The selection of these factors mostly depends on the experience of the technologist and sometimes on the theoretical basis which might not gives satisfactory results. This study was done to evaluate the factor that affects the exposure factor selection and hence to develop an empirical system that gives the optimum exposure factors and tests the accuracy and the reliability of the developed system. The study consists of 64 patients examined for PA chest X-ray selected randomly. The collected data includes: chest thickness, body mass index, age, height in addition to KV and MAs. The results showed that the body mass index and the patient weight were linearly correlated with the Kv and MAs respectively

radio anatomical study: measurement of the inter vertebral lumbosacral angle and optimization of x-ray tube angle

The determination of the lumbosacral angle is one parameter that is of importance in evaluating the possible etiology of low back pain syndromes, therefore the purpose of this study is to define the normal range of intervertebral disc angulation at L5 and S1 and, to evaluate the tube angle used in practice to demonstrate the disk space in the anteroposterior projection. Two hundred and twenty lateral scout CT scans were examined in patients who were 110 male and 110 female, with an average age ranged between 30 to 90 years old. The intervertebral angles for L5 and S1 were measured using CT soft ware. A set of coefficient was used in an arrangement to formulate the necessary x-ray angle for males and female of a known age and intervertebral L/S angle. The results of this study found that the range of normal inter vertebral lumbosacral angulations is approximately 60 [degree sign] and 53 [degree sign] in male and female in respectively, and at antero-posterior projection, 30[degree sign] cranial tube angulations for males and 37[degree sign] cranial angulations for females should be used for inter vertebral lumbosacral visualization

effects of magnetic resonance imaging examinations on vital signs

Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] is used to produce detailed sectional images, and considered a safe tool compared to the x-ray based medical diagnostic techniques, as general radiography, and computed tomography [CT],because MRl does not employ ionizing radiation but uses radiofrequency [RF] fields. The main objective of this study was to determine the effects of MRI examinations on the main vital signs [blood pressure, body temperature, cardiac pulse rate and respiratory rate]. A sample of fifty patients with ages between [18-68] years old underwent MRI studies for different anatomical regions. The vital signs have been measured before and after the MRI examination. The results showed that there was significant increase in body temperature and no significant relationship was detected in pulse rate, blood pressure and respiratory rate

histological study on the effect of repeated exposure to MRI lumber spine protocol on Swiss Albino Rats

The study was carried out to investigate the bio-effects of repeated exposure to high intensity electromagnetic fields [EMFs] used in the medical field. An in vivo study was done by using repeated exposure of Swiss Albino Rats to MRI machine [1.5 Tesla, 64.85MHZ]. The rats were exposed to combination of both magnetic fields and radio frequency electromagnetic fields, daily for 30 minutes, 1 hour, three times per week for 2 weeks. The exposure was under the protocol of lumber spine scanning. A histological study was conducted on some of the rats' vital organs and rats' body weight to detect any cellular effects. A significant reduction in the rats body weights gain was detected. The histological findings were severe hemorrhage, necrosis in cardiac muscles, kidney, liver, dilatation of blood vessels in bone marrow, bone cartilage atrophy. No histological changes were detected in all the organs of the control group, in addition there is no reduction in their body weight. The above results showed that there is a big doubt about the safety of MRI techniques as far as the results and the literature review indicates severe effects on some vital organs. Therefore the safety considerations as repeated exposure to the MRI techniques must be reviewed and needs to be clearer

Evaluation of radiology request forms in diagnostic centers in Khartoum state

The x-ray request form is an essential tool for communicating patient data and clinical indication from the referring physicians to radiologic departments and reduction of unnecessary radiation dose to the patient. This study aimed to evaluate the applied x-ray request form formula and to compare between the applied and standard request forms in different radiology departments. Numbers of elements of x-ray request form to be evaluated were assessed and questionnaire forms for technologist and physicians were distributed and data were analyzed using simple statistical method [percentage]. The results of the evaluation of the applied x-ray request form filling elements including [patient full name, age, sex, history, condition, clinical indication, LMP, date of the examination previous x-ray exams, Physician name and clearness of requested exam] were found to be 80%, 60%, 60%, 30%, 30%, 100%, 100% respectively. The total results filling of evaluation of all patient information of 50 x-ray request forms were 50.67%, 26.18%, 28%, 21.09%, 18.18%, 55.9% and 60.03 respectively. This study concluded that providing patients data and clinical indication on the x-ray request form is of vital importance regarding the answers of technologists and physicians in the questionnaire. Regarding to the result it showed that the method of filling patient information in x-ray request form by the referring physicians in addition to the formula of x-ray request form that were applied in Khartoum state hospitals should be reviewed

Prediction of pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction using uterine artery doppler ultrasound

Preeclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction is an important cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to examine the value of one step uterine artery Doppier at first and second trimester of pregnancy in the prediction of pre-eclampsia [PE] and /or intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR]. This cross section hospital based control study conducted at Alamal National Hospital from July 2010 to January 2011. The study included 50 women with singleton pregnancies at 12-24 weeks of gestation who had history of PIH low birth weight fetus and /or unexplained prenatal fetal death in their previous pregnancy. Uterine artery blood flow study, resentence index [RI] and Pulsitity Index [PI] of uterine artery were calculated. The study shows that 30% of this study population had high [RI] and [PI] with low blood flow. Most of the cases [73%] > 14 weeks of gestation, with average age of 37 years old.PIH were the most frequent risk factor. Doppier ultrasound provided more accurate prediction when performed in the second trimester than in the first trimester .An increased Resistivity and pulsitity index alone or with notching was the best predictor of pre-eclamsia among high risk patient and it is the most predictive Doppier indices

In vitro Study: the biological effects of MRI radiofrequency electromagnetic field on certain blood parameters of sheep

Three aspects of patient exposure to electromagnetic fields have been cause for concern since the introduction of MRI scanners: the radio-frequency transmitter fields Radio frequency electromagnetic field [RF], the time dependant gradient fields, and the static magnetic field [MF], the three fields are of special concern because they are intrinsic and essential features of the scanner operation and, on same level, each of them inter acts with every component of the patient body. The aims of this study were [l] To assess the hematological effect of Radio frequency radiation [RF] of the range used in the MRI where the resonance occurs. [2] To assess the possible effects when considering the type of energy at different exposure times on different blood parameters .The experiment has been done in the Laboratory Physics, University Of Khartoum, and Military hospital, Elribat teaching hospital. The blood samples were analyzed before and directly after the exposure. The study showed that exposure to the radio frequency fields and The exposure to both magnetic field and radiofrequency fields may increase and decrease different blood parameters significantly. The above results show that there is a big doubt about the safety of MRI techniques as far as the results and the literature review indicate effects on some blood parameters. Therefore the safety considerations must be reviewed and needs to be clearer